Rapid and early diagnosis of TB and initiating optimal treatment would not only enable a cure of an individual patient but will reduce future numbers of TB cases. tuberculosis throughout multiple organ systems (Miliary TB). The frequency of extrapulmonary disease increases with immune deficiency states, such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome patients (in whom extrapulmonary disease accounts for 50–60%), or by the dissemination of M. tuberculosis, including: pleural, lymphatic, urogenital, osteoarticular. The usual site of TB infection is the lungs (pulmonary TB), but other organ systems can be involved (extrapulmonary TB) in spreading M. In the same year, more than 95% of TB deaths occurred in low- and middle-income countries, and 170,000 children died of TB (excluding children with HIV).
The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that in 2015, 1.8 million people died from TB (including 0.4 million who were HIV-positive). Tuberculosis (TB), caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is an infectious disease that poses a major global public health problem for both developing and developed countries. The sensitivity and specificity of these tests have also been taken into consideration. This review focuses on the current diagnostic tests in use, including emerging technologies used for detection of tuberculosis in clinical specimens. Molecular diagnostic tests provide timely results useful for high-quality patient care, low contamination risk, and ease of performance and speed. They are becoming more accessible not only for detection and identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in clinical specimens, but now extend to diagnosing multi-drug resistant strains. While microscopy and culture continue to be indispensible for laboratory diagnosis of tuberculosis, the range of several molecular diagnostic tests, including the nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS), have expanded tremendously.
Over the past decade, important progress has been made for better control of the disease. It is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality, due to the emergence of antibiotic resistant Mycobacterium strains and HIV co-infection. Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease that remains an important public health problem at the global level.
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